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and 2 have been identified as specific Akt S473 phosphatases In a lot of human tumors, particularly prostate cancers, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is dysregulated by different oncogenic events . The hormone refractory prostate cancers are often characterized by inactivation DBeQ of PTEN and activation of Akt/mTOR signaling. Akt activity is an essential determinant of the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to therapies . Therefore, inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling offers promising techniques of prevention and therapies for prostate cancer . Curcumin , a major chemical component of turmeric , possess a broad spectrum of chemopreventive and therapeutic properties against different tumors in both in vitro and in vivo models and clinical trials .
Curcumin has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, DBeQ suppress inflammation, and sensitize tumor cells to cancer therapies . The mechanism underlying the anti cancer activity of curcumin has been extensively investigated, and many signaling pathways such as NFκB, AP 1, mitogen activated protein kinases , and cell cycle machinery have been suggested as the targets of curcumin . Recently it has been reported that curcumin inhibits Akt/mTOR signaling in different tumor cells such as prostate cancer cells ; nevertheless, the molecular mechanism by which curcumin inhibits Akt/mTOR PluriSln 1 signaling remains unclear. Within the present study we investigated the molecular mechanism by which curcumin inhibits Akt/ mTOR signaling in the androgen independent and PTEN null Pc 3 prostate cancer cells.
Our outcomes show that curcumin concentration and time dependently inhibits Akt/mTOR signaling, and this inhibitory effect is primarily mediated by curcumin activated PP2A and/or unspecified calyculin A sensitive protein phosphatase. At the identical time, curcumin also activates AMPK and MAPKs, but these kinases Human musculoskeletal system are less involved in curcumin mediated inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling. Material and Procedures Reagents, plasmids, and cell culture Curcumin, PI3K inhibitor Ly294002, MEK1 inhibitor PD98059, JNK inhibitor II and p38 inhibitor SB238004 were purchased from Sigma . L Phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5 trisphosphate, Compound C and Tautomycetin were purchased from EMD Biosciences . Akt1/PKB protein, active PDK1 protein, Ser/Thr Phosphatase Assay Kit and okadaic acid sodium salt were purchased from Upstate . MTS assay kit was obtained from Promega .
thymidine and L leucine were obtained from Perkin Elmer . Calyculin A, siRNA against tuberin/TSC2, control scrambled siRNA, cell lysis buffer and antibodies against p PI3K p85 /p55 , p PDK1 , p Akt , p Akt , Akt, p FoxO1 , p GSK3B PluriSln 1 , p mTOR , p mTOR , mTOR, p p70 S6K , p S6 ribosomal protein , p 4E BP1 , p eIF4G , Tuberin/TSC2, p Tuberin/TSC2 , p AMPK , p ACC , methylated and non methylated PP2A catalytic subunit were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology . Antibodies against HA tag, PDK1 , B actin, cyclin D1 and HRP conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology . Lipofectamine 2000, recombinant protein G conjugated agarose and all cell culture materials were purchased from Invitrogen . All of the other chemical substances were of the highest grade obtainable.
HA tagged Akt and AMPK1 expressing plasmids were gifts DBeQ from Dr. Kun liang Guan ; the constitutively activated Akt expressing plasmid was a gift from Dr. Cory Abate Shen . The dominant unfavorable AMPK1 was constructed by mutation of Threonine 172 to Alanine employing QuickChange internet site directed mutagenesis kit along with the mutation was confirmed by sequencing. Human prostate cancer Pc 3 cells were cultured in minimum important medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. TSC1 and wild kind MEFs were gifts from Dr. David J. Kwiatkowski and Dr. Shengkan Victor Jin and maintained in Dulbeccos minimum important medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 3. 7 mg/ ml sodium bicarbonate in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 C.
Cellular DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and proliferation evaluations For evaluation of DNA or protein synthesis, Pc 3 cells were cultured in 24 effectively plates and treated with different PluriSln 1 concentrations of curcumin in FBS absolutely free MEM medium for the indicated time. Soon after that 1 uCi/well of thymidine DBeQ or L leucine were added into the cultures and incubated for 2 h. The cells were then PluriSln 1 fixed in 10% trichloroacetic acid at room temperature for 15 min, after which washed twice with 5% TCA. The acid insoluble material was dissolved in 2 M NaOH overnight, after which aliquots were used to determine the radioactivity employing a liquid scintillation counter. For MTS cell proliferation assays, Pc 3 cells were seeded in 96 effectively plates at a density of 5 × 103 cells/well, treated with different concentrations of curcumin for 24 h, then 20 ul of MTS reagent was added into each and every effectively and incubated for further 2 h. The optic density at 490 nm was read promptly employing a uQuant microplate reader . Transient transfection and Western blotting Transient transfection was performed in accordance with the